Mohenjodaro, located in present-day Sindh, Pakistan, was one of the most prominent cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2600–1900 BCE). Its remains provide valuable insights into the advanced urban planning, architectural ingenuity, and social organization of the civilization. Excavated by archaeologists like John Marshall and R.D. Banerji, Mohenjodaro showcases a well-organized city with distinct areas for public, residential, and economic activities, reflecting a high degree of sophistication.
1. Urban Planning and Layout
- Grid Pattern:
The city was laid out on a grid pattern, with streets running in straight lines and intersecting at right angles. This advanced urban design reflects meticulous planning and a centralized authority. - Divided into Two Sections:
- The Citadel: Located on a raised platform, the citadel housed important public and religious buildings, such as the Great Bath and granaries. It likely served as the administrative and ritualistic hub of the city.
- The Lower Town: This area was densely populated with residential houses, markets, and workshops. The homes were arranged systematically along the streets, indicating organized urban development.
2. Drainage and Sanitation Systems
- Sophisticated Drainage System:
One of the most remarkable features of Mohenjodaro was its extensive drainage system. Underground drains made of baked bricks ran along the streets, connected to soak pits and cesspools. - Hygienic Living:
Houses were equipped with private bathrooms and toilets connected to the drainage system, indicating a concern for hygiene and sanitation. This level of infrastructure was unprecedented in contemporary civilizations.
3. Public Buildings and Structures
- The Great Bath:
The Great Bath is one of Mohenjodaro’s most iconic structures. Measuring 12 meters long, 7 meters wide, and 2.5 meters deep, it was a large rectangular tank surrounded by steps and rooms. It likely served a ritualistic or ceremonial purpose, highlighting the significance of water in their culture. - Granaries:
Large granaries found in the city suggest the storage and distribution of surplus food. These structures indicate a well-organized system of resource management and the existence of centralized control. - Assembly Halls and Pillared Structures:
Some large halls with pillars were likely used for public gatherings or administrative functions, showcasing the city’s capacity for collective decision-making or governance.
4. Residential Architecture
- Houses:
Residential buildings were constructed from baked bricks and varied in size, suggesting social stratification. Larger homes belonged to the elite, while smaller houses accommodated the common people. - Features:
Houses were multi-roomed and often had courtyards, wells, and bathrooms, reflecting a high standard of living.
5. Economic and Commercial Activities
- Craft Production:
Evidence of bead-making, pottery, and metallurgy workshops points to a thriving craft industry. Mohenjodaro’s artisans produced goods from materials like clay, bronze, and semi-precious stones. - Trade Networks:
The discovery of seals and weights indicates active trade, both locally and with distant regions, such as Mesopotamia. Standardized weights suggest a regulated economy.
6. Art and Culture
- Seals and Script:
Numerous seals with inscriptions and animal motifs, such as the unicorn, suggest administrative or religious purposes. The script, though undeciphered, reflects an advanced writing system. - Sculptures:
Artifacts like the bronze “Dancing Girl” and the terracotta figurines indicate a rich cultural and artistic tradition.