The Proprium in Personality Theory
The concept of the proprium was introduced by American psychologist Gordon Allport as part of his theory of personality. Allport believed that personality should not be studied only through traits and external behavior, but also by understanding the inner self that gives unity and purpose to a person’s life. He used the term “proprium” to describe the central core of personality—the aspects of the self that people regard as most important to their identity.
According to Allport, the proprium develops gradually across life stages and includes experiences that are consciously felt as personal. It provides continuity, meaning, and direction to an individual’s actions. He outlined seven functions of the proprium, which emerge in sequence during development:
- Bodily self (awareness of the body)
- Self-identity (sense of continuity over time)
- Self-esteem (feelings of pride and competence)
- Self-extension (identifying with possessions and people)
- Self-image (awareness of how others see us)
- Rational coping (problem-solving ability)
- Propriate striving (long-term goals and values).
Thus, the proprium represents the core of individuality, integrating past experiences, present awareness, and future aspirations. It emphasizes that personality is not static but a dynamic, evolving sense of self.
